澳门六合彩开奖记录

1. Pagan Pre-History to the Middle Ages

This topic begins with a brief overview of the present state of Polish culture, before turning back to the history of the Polish lands from pagan pre-history to the Middle Ages and the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Union. Lectures will emphasize Poland鈥檚 liminal status from the earliest moments of its historical existence 鈥� 鈥渆ast of the West and west of the East鈥�, as the playwright S艂awomir Mro偶ek once described it.

2. The Golden Age and Sarmatian Culture

This topic covers the period from the Golden Age of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the sixteenth century through to听the Polish Baroque of听the seventeenth century with the听peculiar gentry culture of "Sarmatianism". Lectures will introduce students to the extraordinary ethnic, cultural and religious diversity of this period.听

3. Romanticism

This topic extends from听the dramatic听decline and fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century through to the powerful听uprising of national culture听in the Romantic age and the heretical Messianic philosophy of Poland as "the Christ of the Nations". Lectures will devote some attention to the challenges of translating the poetry.

4. Positivism and Young Poland

This topic begins with the post-Romantic period of 鈥減ositivism鈥� and 鈥渙rganic work鈥�, concentrating on the rise of the Polish realist novel at the end of the nineteenth century. The second half of the section will focus on the turn of the century and the Young Poland movement in art and literature leading up to the First World War and Poland鈥檚 renewed independence.

5. Independent Poland and the Second World War

This topic begins with the explosion of creative activity in Poland鈥檚 short-lived spring of independent existence between the wars, before entering the heart of darkness into which Hitler and Stalin plunged the country between 1939 and 1945.

6. Communist Poland

This section examines Polish political and cultural life under communist rule from 1946 until 1989. The topic places a strong emphasis on the blooming of a powerful and original Polish cinema in this period, as well as on influential innovations in lyric poetry. The section also explores the significance of John Paul II, the Catholic Church and the 鈥淪olidarity鈥� revolution in Polish culture.

7. Post-1989 Poland

This topic introduces students to the history and culture of post-1989 Poland by following certain key conflicts that have shaped and divided Polish society. In particular, the section will examine the fundamental divide between traditional visions of Polish identity and the various new models that have emerged as Poland鈥檚 economy has modernized, especially after the country鈥檚 accession to the European Union.

8. Jews in Polish Culture

This topic introduces students to the history and cultural contribution of Jews in Poland. Students will become acquainted with the vibrant religious, political and intellectual life of what was at various times the world鈥檚 largest Jewish community from its beginnings until the Nazi genocide of the Second World War.

To download the course handbook please click here.